If you’re looking for the best mezuzah scrolls that blend tradition with quality, I recommend focusing on certified, handwritten parchment from Israel made by trained scribes, ensuring religious validity. Many options include high-quality kosher goat hide klaf, with sizes around 2.5 inches for easy installation. Be cautious of printed or non-kosher scrolls, which lack halachic approval. Keep exploring to discover authentic choices that honor tradition while matching your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Authentic mezuzah scrolls are handwritten by certified Sofer Stam using kosher materials, ensuring religious validity.
- High-quality scrolls feature genuine Jerusalem klaf parchment, traditional Hebrew calligraphy, and proper certification.
- Sizes typically range around 2.5 inches, designed to fit standard mezuzah cases, with elegant artistic or functional designs.
- Certified kosher scrolls are ideal for religious observance, while printed or decorative options serve educational or aesthetic purposes.
- Price varies from affordable printed scrolls under $10 to premium handwritten certifies, reflecting craftsmanship and authenticity.
Kosher Mezuzah Scroll, Written in Israel by a Sofer Stam
If you’re looking for a mezuzah scroll that guarantees authenticity and religious adherence, the Kosher Mezuzah Scroll written in Israel by a certified Sofer Stam is your best choice. Handwritten with care and expertise, it features precise Hebrew calligraphy on high-quality kosher goat hide parchment. Each letter is meticulously crafted under strict supervision, ensuring it meets all halachic standards. The scroll includes essential Torah verses like Shema Yisrael, making it a meaningful addition to your home. Compact at 2.8 x 2.8 inches, it’s designed for proper placement on your doorpost, fulfilling commandments with authenticity and reverence.
Best For: those seeking an authentic, kosher-certified mezuzah scroll handcrafted in Israel for religious observance and proper placement in Jewish homes.
Pros:
- Handwritten by a certified Sofer Stam with strict adherence to halachic standards.
- Made from high-quality kosher goat hide parchment, ensuring authenticity.
- Includes essential Torah verses like Shema Yisrael, fulfilling religious commandments.
Cons:
- Limited size may require careful placement; not suitable for large or decorative doorframes.
- Some buyers have reported concerns about authenticity if not verified through proper certification.
- Higher price point compared to mass-produced or non-kosher mezuzahs.
Kosher Mezuzah Scroll From Israel – Klaf Mezuza Parchment (2.8)
For those seeking an authentic, high-quality mezuzah scroll from Israel, the Kosher Mezuzah Scroll made from premium Klaf parchment is an excellent choice. Measuring 2.8 inches, it’s carefully handwritten by a trained rabbi scribe using special ink, quills, and traditional calligraphy. The scroll undergoes rigorous kosher verification through both computer scans and manual inspection, with certification included. It features educational materials about its significance and proper installation. Customers praise its authenticity, quality, and detailed craftsmanship. Compact and lightweight, it’s perfect for fulfilling the mitzvah and makes a meaningful gift. This scroll combines tradition with reliability, ensuring you observe the commandment with confidence.
Best For: those seeking an authentic, high-quality kosher mezuzah scroll from Israel for religious observance or as a meaningful gift.
Pros:
- Crafted from premium Klaf parchment, ensuring durability and authenticity
- Handwritten by a trained rabbi scribe with special ink and calligraphy techniques
- Fully certified kosher through dual verification, ensuring religious compliance
Cons:
- Limited to 2.8-inch size, which may not suit larger doorframes
- Requires careful handling and proper installation to maintain kosher status
- Slightly higher price point due to high-quality materials and craftsmanship
2 Non-Kosher Hebrew Parchment for Mezuzah
Non-kosher Hebrew parchment for mezuzah offers an affordable and convenient option for those seeking authentic-looking scrolls without the need for strict kosher certification. These printed parchments are made of high-quality paper, crafted in Israel, and feature Hebrew text identical to traditional kosher scrolls. Measuring approximately 2.5” x 2.7”, they are suitable for various Jewish occasions, from holidays to housewarmings. While not handwritten or kosher-certified, they provide a meaningful, visually accurate alternative. Customers appreciate their affordability, quality, and quick delivery, making them a popular choice for home décor, gifts, or temporary mezuzah placement.
Best For: those seeking an affordable, visually authentic non-kosher Hebrew scroll for mezuzah placement or Jewish décor without the need for strict kosher certification.
Pros:
- High-quality printed Hebrew text that closely resembles traditional kosher scrolls
- Affordable price point ideal for temporary or decorative use
- Quick delivery and positive customer reviews for satisfaction and value
Cons:
- Not handwritten or kosher-certified, limiting religious use for strict observance
- Made of paper, which may be less durable than traditional parchment scrolls
- Designed for non-kosher use, so it may not be suitable for all religious requirements
Tamara Baskin Art Glass Pre-Rolled Mezuzah Scrolls (3 Pack)
Tamara Baskin Art Glass Pre-Rolled Mezuzah Scrolls (3 Pack) are perfect for those seeking beautiful, handmade decorative pieces that also serve a cultural purpose. Each scroll features traditional Hebrew calligraphy on durable, high-quality paper, making them both visually appealing and meaningful. Sized at about 2.5 inches, they fit standard mezuzah cases easily. Crafted in the USA, these scrolls are ideal for home decoration, educational displays, or as thoughtful gifts. Their craftsmanship guarantees longevity and consistent beauty over time, blending artistic expression with cultural tradition. Whether for personal use or gifting, they add a unique, meaningful touch to any environment.
Best For: individuals seeking beautifully crafted, culturally meaningful decorative mezuzah scrolls for home, educational, or gift purposes.
Pros:
- Handmade in the USA with high-quality, durable paper for lasting beauty.
- Features traditional Hebrew calligraphy, enhancing cultural authenticity.
- Compact size (about 2.5 inches) fits standard mezuzah cases easily.
Cons:
- Not kosher, so may not be suitable for strictly kosher households or religious use.
- Limited to decorative purposes rather than functional religious practice.
- Only available in a 3-pack, which may not meet larger display needs.
Kosher Mezuzah Scroll 3 (7cm) Made in Israel
If you’re seeking an authentic, high-quality mezuzah scroll crafted with strict adherence to Jewish tradition, the Kosher Mezuzah Scroll 3 (7cm) made in Israel is an excellent choice. Handwritten by a certified Rabbi on genuine Jerusalem klaf parchment, it guarantees religious authenticity and spiritual significance from the Holy Land. Sized to fit a 4-inch case, it’s durable, uncoated, and made from high-quality parchment, ensuring the Shema prayer is preserved for generations. Certified kosher with expert proofreading, it offers peace of mind. Perfect as a meaningful gift or spiritual addition, this scroll combines tradition, craftsmanship, and authenticity in every detail.
Best For: individuals seeking an authentic, high-quality kosher mezuzah scroll crafted with traditional craftsmanship and spiritual significance from Jerusalem.
Pros:
- Handwritten by certified Rabbi on genuine Jerusalem klaf parchment for religious authenticity
- Made in Israel with strict adherence to Jewish tradition and certification
- Durable, high-quality parchment designed to preserve the Shema prayer for generations
Cons:
- Size may require careful handling during rolling and installation
- Limited to fit standard 4-inch mezuzah cases, not suitable for larger cases
- No additional accessories included, requiring separate purchase for installation
OHPHCALL Kosher Mezuzah Scroll for Doors with Blessings and Artistic Design
The OHPHCALL Kosher Mezuzah Scroll is an excellent choice for anyone looking to combine faith with elegant home decor. Its traditional Hebrew blessings are beautifully engraved, reflecting Jewish heritage and adding spiritual significance. Suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, it offers divine protection and enhances any doorpost, porch, or wall. The artistic beige design with intricate inscriptions complements various decor styles, while the durable material guarantees longevity. Each package includes 50 blessing scrolls, making it practical for multiple doors or gifting. Lightweight and easy to install, this mezuzah serves as a meaningful symbol of faith and tradition, elevating your home’s aesthetic and spiritual ambiance.
Best For: individuals seeking to combine religious tradition with elegant home decor, particularly those who want to enhance their Jewish home or celebrate religious occasions.
Pros:
- Features traditional Hebrew blessings engraved with intricate artistic design, adding spiritual and aesthetic value.
- Made from durable materials suitable for indoor and outdoor use, ensuring longevity.
- Comes in a practical pack of 50 blessing scrolls, ideal for multiple doorposts or gifting occasions.
Cons:
- The product’s size (8.50 x 8.50 x 0.10 cm) may be small for some decorative preferences.
- Price and availability may vary, which could affect budgeting or purchasing decisions.
- Limited information on installation methods; may require additional tools or adhesives for mounting.
Brass Shema Blessing Mezuzah Scroll with Menorah Design
This Brass Shema Blessing Mezuzah Scroll with Menorah Design is perfect for those seeking a durable and elegant way to incorporate tradition into their home decor. Made from brass-plated cast metal, it offers lasting durability and a timeless bronze finish that adds sophistication. The design features a menorah atop, along with Shema blessings in Hebrew and English, blending spiritual symbolism with Jewish heritage. Measuring 5.5 inches tall, it’s suitable for most doorways—front doors, bedrooms, or offices. The set includes a decorative case and parchment scroll, ready to hang. It’s an ideal gift for new homeowners, symbolizing protection, blessings, and a beautiful reminder of faith.
Best For: individuals seeking a durable, elegant, and meaningful way to incorporate Jewish tradition and blessings into their home decor or as a thoughtful gift for new homeowners.
Pros:
- Crafted from brass-plated cast metal for durability and a classic appearance
- Features an intricate menorah and Shema blessings in Hebrew and English, blending tradition with symbolism
- Includes a decorative case and parchment scroll, ready to hang and easy to install
Cons:
- At 5.5 inches tall, may not fit very small or narrow doorways
- Brass finish may require occasional polishing to maintain its shine
- Limited to traditional Jewish decor styles, which may not suit all home aesthetics
My Daily Styles 4 Sheets Mezuzah Printed Paper Parchment
For those seeking an affordable and convenient option, My Daily Styles 4 Sheets Mezuzah Printed Paper Parchment offers high-quality printed Hebrew verses on durable paper. Each sheet measures 4.0 x 4.0 inches and features essential passages from Deuteronomy, including the Shema Yisrael. The pack includes four sheets, making it easy to prepare multiple doorposts or gift them for special occasions. Made from sturdy paper, these parchments ensure clear, lasting Hebrew text. While not kosher, they provide a practical and meaningful way to incorporate traditional verses into your home or to share with others. It’s a simple, accessible choice for daily or special use.
Best For: those seeking an affordable, convenient, and high-quality printed parchment option for personal use or gift-giving, especially for non-kosher applications.
Pros:
- High-quality printed Hebrew verses on durable paper
- Includes essential Jewish passages such as the Shema Yisrael
- Pack of four sheets allows for multiple doorposts or gifts
Cons:
- Not suitable for kosher mezuzah cases or religious certification
- Printed verses may lack the authenticity of handwritten klaf
- Designed for convenience rather than traditional religious use
Judaica VERSAINSECT er 7cm Mezuzah Scroll 2.8 Inch klaf Mezuza Parchment
If you’re seeking a reliable and authentic mezuzah scroll, the Judaica VERSAINSECT 7cm (2.8 inch) klaf stands out because it’s crafted by a certified Rabbi sofer Stam on high-quality, genuine parchment. This scroll is meticulously written on very mehudar klaf, ensuring strict kosher standards and exceptional craftsmanship. It comes with a protective case, making it durable and easy to install. Measuring roughly 3.94 inches square and lightweight, it fits perfectly on doorposts. Customers praise its authenticity, bright appearance, and sturdiness. With a high rating and positive feedback, this scroll offers a meaningful way to honor tradition while ensuring quality and compliance.
Best For: individuals seeking an authentic, high-quality kosher mezuzah scroll crafted by a certified rabbi for proper religious observance and meaningful home placement.
Pros:
- Crafted by a certified Rabbi sofer Stam on genuine, high-quality klaf parchment ensuring strict kosher standards
- Meticulously written on very mehudar klaf, reflecting exceptional craftsmanship and authenticity
- Comes with a protective case, making it durable and easy to install on doorposts
Cons:
- Slightly higher price point compared to less certified or handmade options
- Some buyers may want to verify kosher certification personally due to skepticism
- Limited size options, as the product is specifically 7cm (2.8 inch) klaf
English version non-kosher mezuzah scroll/klaf on parchment paper (3 tall)
The English version non-kosher mezuzah scroll on parchment paper (3 tall) is an excellent choice for those seeking an easy-to-read prayer experience. Its clear English text makes understanding prayers accessible, especially for non-Hebrew speakers. The scroll includes instructions for proper folding and hanging, ensuring correct placement. Arriving in perfect condition, it’s designed to be user-friendly and ready for installation. Plus, it features a small blessing on paper, adding a personal touch to your spiritual practice. Overall, this scroll offers convenience and comprehension, making it a popular option for anyone wanting to incorporate meaningful prayers into their home.
Best For: individuals seeking an accessible, English-language prayer tool for spiritual practice who prefer non-kosher options for personal or educational use.
Pros:
- Easy-to-read English text enhances understanding for non-Hebrew speakers.
- Comes with clear instructions for proper placement, ensuring correct use.
- Includes a blessing on a small paper, adding a personal spiritual touch.
Cons:
- Non-kosher status may limit its acceptance in traditional or religious settings.
- Not suitable for use as a traditional kosher mezuzah on religious doorposts.
- Parchment quality and durability may be less than authentic kosher scrolls.
Mini Non-Kosher Scroll Klaf for Mezuzah or Amulet
This Mini Non-Kosher Scroll Klaf is perfect for those seeking a compact, meaningful piece for jewelry or spiritual tokens. Made on paper mimicking animal parchment, it’s designed for small mezuzah necklaces or amulets. While it lacks religious significance without a kosher klaf, it still carries Hebrew text and spiritual symbolism. It comes with instructions for use and is ideal for creating personal religious jewelry or meaningful gifts. I chose this for a bar mitzvah gift—originally bought with a mezuzah and chain. Customers love its size and appearance, and I’d definitely buy it again for its quality and versatility.
Best For: individuals seeking a small, meaningful religious accessory or gift for jewelry, such as a mezuzah necklace or amulet.
Pros:
- Compact size ideal for jewelry and personal tokens
- Made on paper that mimics animal parchment, adding a traditional look
- Positive customer feedback on quality and appearance
Cons:
- Lacks religious significance without a kosher klaf
- Not suitable for religious use or rituals requiring kosher scrolls
- May be considered non-traditional or symbolic rather than authentic
Made in Israel Non-Kosher Hebrew Parchment for Mezuzah
Made in Israel non-kosher Hebrew parchment for mezuzah offers an authentic, visually appealing alternative for those who want the look of traditional scrolls without religious restrictions. These printed scrolls measure 4” x 4” and feature clear, traditional Hebrew script, making them perfect for display, educational projects, or cultural gifts. Created by Shmea Israel, they reflect genuine craftsmanship and Israeli origin. Packaged as a set of two, they provide a versatile option for various uses, including home décor or non-religious settings. While not kosher, these parchments deliver an authentic appearance that respects Jewish tradition and enhances any cultural or educational display.
Best For: those seeking an authentic-looking non-kosher Hebrew scroll for educational, decorative, or cultural displays without religious restrictions.
Pros:
- Realistic appearance resembling traditional kosher scrolls with clear Hebrew script
- Comes in a convenient set of two, ideal for multiple projects or gifts
- Made in Israel by Shmea Israel, ensuring cultural authenticity and quality
Cons:
- Not suitable for religious or ceremonial use due to non-kosher status
- Printed, not handwritten, which may be less authentic for certain traditional purposes
- Limited to decorative and educational applications, not for religious observance
3 Non-Kosher Hebrew Parchment for Mezuzah, Printed, 2.75×2.75
If you’re looking for an affordable way to add a Jewish decorative touch or educational tool to your home, these printed non-Kosher Hebrew parchment scrolls are an excellent choice. Each set includes three 2.75×2.75-inch sheets made of high-quality paper, crafted in Israel. The Hebrew text is printed to resemble traditional kosher scrolls, with beautiful Jewish art from Israel. They come with instructions and translations, making them perfect for educational purposes or holiday décor. While non-Kosher, these scrolls look authentic and are highly rated for their quality and appearance, fitting well into various mezuzah cases and suitable for gifts and special occasions.
Best For: those seeking an affordable, visually authentic educational or decorative Jewish scroll for home, gifts, or holiday projects.
Pros:
- Highly realistic appearance resembling traditional kosher parchments.
- Comes with Jewish art from Israel, enhancing cultural authenticity.
- Includes instructions and translations, ideal for educational and festive use.
Cons:
- Non-Kosher status may not be suitable for religious liturgical use.
- Slightly smaller size may require careful folding to fit certain mezuzah cases.
- Some customers received only two scrolls instead of three, indicating potential packaging issues.
BRTAGG Non-Kosher Hebrew Mezuzah Scroll (2.7 x 2.7, 2 pcs)
The BRTAGG Non-Kosher Hebrew Mezuzah Scroll is an ideal choice for those seeking an affordable, ready-made option for educational, decorative, or non-religious purposes. It features printed Hebrew text on imitation parchment paper that closely resembles real parchment, rolled and fixed for easy display. Each package contains two scrolls measuring 2.7 x 2.7 inches, making it convenient for multiple placements or backups. Encased in protective acrylic packaging, these scrolls are durable and easy to transport. While they don’t fulfill the requirements for a kosher mezuzah, they’re perfect for demonstrating, learning, or decorating without the higher cost of handwritten scrolls.
Best For: individuals seeking an affordable, non-kosher Hebrew mezuzah scroll for educational, decorative, or non-religious purposes.
Pros:
- Affordable alternative to handwritten kosher scrolls
- Comes with two scrolls in protective packaging for convenience and backups
- Suitable for display, learning, and gifting without religious restrictions
Cons:
- Does not meet halachic standards for fulfilling the mitzvah of a kosher mezuzah
- Not handwritten; printed Hebrew text may lack the authenticity of traditional scrolls
- Limited to non-religious or decorative use, unsuitable for religious commandments
Factors to Consider When Choosing Mezuzah Scrolls
When choosing a mezuzah scroll, I look for authenticity and proper certification to guarantee it meets religious standards. I also consider the material quality and size to ensure durability and a perfect fit on my doorpost. Additionally, I prefer handwritten scrolls that comply with religious guidelines over printed ones for added authenticity.
Authenticity and Certification
Choosing an authentic mezuzah scroll requires careful attention to its certification and provenance. A genuine scroll is handwritten by a certified Sofer Stam on kosher parchment (klaf), ensuring it meets halachic standards. Certification from a recognized rabbinical authority confirms the scroll’s compliance with Jewish law, giving confidence it fulfills the mitzvah properly. Often, experts use dual verification methods—such as detailed proofreading and computer scans—to confirm the scroll’s kosher status. It’s essential to look for official certification or proof of kosher certification, as this guarantees the scroll’s authenticity. Non-kosher or printed scrolls, even if they look similar, do not satisfy halachic requirements and lack proper certification. Ensuring authenticity and certification is crucial for a meaningful and proper observance of the mitzvah.
Material Quality and Durability
Material quality is essential for ensuring that a mezuzah scroll remains durable and halakhically valid over time. Genuine kosher parchment, or klaf, made from kosher animal hides, provides the best foundation for longevity and religious compliance. The thickness of the parchment, along with high-quality ink and craftsmanship, prevents fading, tearing, or deterioration. Proper storage also plays a vital role; keeping the scroll away from moisture, sunlight, and excessive bending helps preserve its integrity. Certified kosher scrolls undergo strict inspections to ensure the parchment and ink are free from defects that could compromise durability or halakhic validity. Non-kosher or printed alternatives tend to have lower durability and do not meet religious standards, making material quality a crucial factor when choosing a mezuzah scroll.
Proper Size and Fit
Selecting a mezuzah scroll that fits perfectly inside your case guarantees both proper display and compliance with halakhic standards. The size of the scroll should match the case’s dimensions to make certain it’s secure and visible. Standard kosher scrolls typically measure around 2.8 inches in length, but sizes can range from 2.5 to 3 inches depending on the case. It’s important to roll or fold the scroll carefully to avoid damaging the text or creating creases. For larger or custom cases, a longer or wider scroll may be needed to fill the space properly while maintaining correct placement. Ensuring the scroll isn’t too tight or too loose preserves its integrity and guarantees the mitzvah is fulfilled properly.
Handwritten vs. Printed
When deciding between handwritten and printed mezuzah scrolls, it’s important to understand their differences in religious significance and authenticity. Handwritten scrolls are created by a certified scribe (sofer) on kosher parchment, following strict halachic laws. This meticulous process guarantees the scroll meets religious standards and carries spiritual authenticity. They are often checked for kosher status and come with certification, emphasizing their religious value. In contrast, printed mezuzah scrolls are produced using high-quality printing techniques on paper, making them more affordable but not suitable for fulfilling the mitzvah of mezuzah. While printed scrolls can resemble handwritten ones visually, they lack the spiritual weight and religious certification. They are mainly used for decorative, educational, or non-religious purposes.
Religious Standards Compliance
To guarantee your mezuzah fulfills its religious purpose, it’s crucial to verify that the scroll meets strict halachic standards. First, ensure it’s written by a certified Sofer Stam on genuine kosher parchment, not synthetic or printed material. Proper certification from a reputable rabbinical authority confirms the scroll has undergone rigorous inspection, affirming its kosher status. The Hebrew letters must be meticulously handwritten, with correct spacing and adherence to traditional calligraphy rules. Authentic materials like kosher goat hide klaf are essential; avoid products that claim to be from Israel without proper certification, as authenticity impacts its religious validity. By confirming these standards, you ensure your mezuzah aligns with halachic requirements and fulfills its sacred purpose effectively.
Budget and Price Range
Budget plays a significant role in choosing a mezuzah scroll, with prices typically ranging from $30 to $100 for authentic, kosher options. The cost depends on craftsmanship, certification, and size—simpler, printed scrolls are usually less expensive, often under $10, but don’t meet religious standards. Higher-quality, hand-written scrolls on premium parchment tend to be closer to the $100 mark. When shopping, consider additional expenses like decorative cases or installation accessories, which can add to your overall budget. Comparing prices across different sellers and verifying kosher certifications guarantees you get a genuine, quality scroll that fits your financial plan. Balancing affordability with religious authenticity helps you select a mezuzah that respects tradition without overspending.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Is the Significance of the Size of a Mezuzah Scroll?
The size of a mezuzah scroll is significant because it reflects tradition and guarantees proper placement. A standard size allows the scroll to fit comfortably in most mezuzah cases, symbolizing respect and adherence to tradition. Smaller or larger scrolls might be used for special occasions or specific doorways, but generally, the right size signifies your commitment to following Jewish law and honoring the mitzvah with dignity.
How Do Different Materials Affect Mezuzah Scroll Durability?
Different materials greatly influence a mezuzah scroll’s durability, much like choosing the right armor for a knight. I’ve seen parchment last decades with proper care, while paper scrolls tend to fade and tear quickly. Parchment, made from animal skin, withstands moisture and time, making it a long-lasting choice. Conversely, modern materials like synthetic or paper may be less durable but are budget-friendly.
Are There Specific Designs or Artwork Preferred for Mezuzah Scrolls?
Yes, I prefer mezuzah scrolls with traditional Hebrew calligraphy, often featuring intricate, artistic lettering that honors the mitzvah. Some also incorporate subtle artwork or decorative borders, but I believe simplicity and reverence are key. I look for designs that respect tradition while adding a touch of personal beauty, ensuring the scroll remains both meaningful and aesthetically pleasing for my home.
What Are the Maintenance and Cleaning Tips for Mezuzah Scrolls?
To keep your mezuzah scrolls in good shape, I recommend handling them with clean hands and avoiding direct sunlight or moisture. Gently dust the scroll with a soft cloth and occasionally check for any signs of wear or damage. If necessary, consult a knowledgeable scribe for repairs or re-rolling. Proper care guarantees your scroll remains beautiful and maintains its spiritual significance over time.
Can Non-Kosher Parchment Be Used for Decorative Purposes?
Using non-kosher parchment for decorative purposes isn’t recommended, as it doesn’t meet the religious standards and might disrespect the tradition. I believe in honoring the sacredness of mezuzah scrolls, so I personally prefer authentic, kosher parchment even for decorative displays. It ensures that the beauty and spiritual significance remain intact, respecting the tradition while creating meaningful, beautiful decor that reflects our heritage.
Conclusion
As you consider which mezuzah scroll to choose, imagine the moment it finds its perfect place on your doorpost, whispering centuries of tradition. Will you select a meticulously handwritten kosher scroll from Israel or opt for a vibrant art glass design? Whatever you decide, know that each choice carries a story, a legacy. The right scroll isn’t just about quality—it’s about creating a connection that lasts a lifetime. Are you ready to make that choice?
